The specific application direction of the Internet of Things technology in the medical and health field

The main application technology of the Internet of Things technology in the field of medical and health lies in three aspects of material management visualization technology, medical information digital technology, and medical process digital technology.

(1) Monitoring and management of medical devices and drugs

With the aid of the visualization technology of material management, the production, distribution, anti-counterfeiting and tracing of medical devices and medicines can be realized, to avoid public medical safety issues, and to achieve full-scale real-time monitoring of medical devices and drugs from scientific research, production, flow to use. Traditional RFID technology is widely used in asset management and device tracking applications. People hope to strengthen the application of this technology in drug tracking and device tracking through legislation. According to the report of the World Health Organization, the proportion of counterfeit medicines in the world has exceeded 10%, with sales exceeding 32 billion yuan. Relevant data from the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association show that at least 200,000 people die each year from the wrong medication and improper medication, and 11% to 26% of the unqualified medication users. And about 10% of cases of medication errors. Therefore, RFID technology plays an important role in tracking and monitoring medicines and equipment, and rectifying and regulating the market of medical supplies. According to the report of "Global Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Application Market", the revenue of RFID in the healthcare and pharmaceutical application market in 2011 will grow to US $ 2.318 billion, with a compound annual growth rate of 29.9%. Among them, the compound annual growth rate of the drug tracking market will be close to 32.8%, and the compound annual growth rate of the medical device tracking market will reach 28.9%.

　 Specifically, the application direction of the Internet of Things technology in the field of material management has the following aspects:

1. Anti-counterfeiting of medical equipment and medicines. The identification label attached to the product is unique and difficult to copy. It can play a role in querying information and preventing counterfeiting and counterfeiting. It will be a very important measure for counterfeit and shoddy products. For example, by transferring drug information to a public database, patients or hospitals can check the contents of the label and the records in the database to easily identify counterfeit drugs.

2. Real-time monitoring throughout. From the scientific research, production, circulation and use of medicines, RFID tags can be monitored in all directions. Especially when leaving the factory, when the product is automatically packaged by itself, the reader installed on the production line can automatically identify the information of each drug and transmit it to the database. During the circulation process, it can record intermediate information at any time and implement full-line monitoring. Through the monitoring of environmental conditions for drug delivery and storage, transportation and monitoring of environmental conditions can be achieved. Ensure the quality of medicines. When a problem occurs, the entire process can be traced back based on the drug name, variety, place of origin, batch, and production, processing, transportation, storage, and sales.

3. Medical waste information management. Through the cooperation of different hospitals and transportation companies, a traceable medical waste tracking system is established with the help of RFID technology to realize the full tracking of medical waste delivered to the treatment plant, and to avoid the illegal treatment of medical waste. At present, Japan has launched research in this area and achieved good results.

(2) Digital hospital

The Internet of Things has broad application prospects in medical information management. At present, the demand for medical information management in hospitals is mainly concentrated in the following aspects: identification, sample identification, and medical record identification. Among them, identification mainly includes patient identification, doctor identification, sample identification includes drug identification, medical device identification, laboratory identification, etc., and medical record identification includes medical condition identification, sign identification, etc. The specific application is divided into the following aspects:

1. Patient information management. The patient ’s family medical history, past medical history, various examinations, treatment records, drug allergies and other electronic health records can help doctors formulate treatment plans; doctors and nurses can achieve real-time monitoring information on patient vital signs, treatment chemotherapy, etc. Eliminate the phenomenon of wrong medicine, wrong injection, etc., and automatically remind nurses to do medicine distribution and inspection.

2. Medical emergency management. Under special circumstances, such as many wounded people, unable to get in touch with family members, critically ill patients, etc., with the help of reliable and efficient information storage and inspection methods of RFID technology, the patient's identity can be quickly confirmed, and his name, age, blood type, emergency contact number, Relevant detailed information such as previous medical history, family members, etc., completed the admission registration procedures, and won valuable time for the treatment of first-aid patients. At present, the technology has been applied in the wellford hall treatment center in the United States.

3. Medicine storage. Apply RFI D technology in the storage, use and inspection process of medicines, simplify the manual and paper record processing, prevent out of stock and facilitate the recall of medicines, avoid confusion between similar medicine names, doses and dosage forms, and strengthen medicine management To ensure the timely and ready supply of medicines.

4. Blood information management. The application of RFID technology to blood management can effectively avoid the shortcomings of small barcode capacity, can realize non-contact identification, reduce blood pollution, achieve multi-target identification, and improve data collection efficiency.

5. Mistake prevention of pharmaceutical preparations. By adding an error prevention mechanism in the process of taking medicines and dispensing medicines, it is realized in the aspects of prescription issuance, preparation, nursing administration, patient medication, drug effect tracking, drug inventory management, drug supplier purchase, shelf life and environmental conditions Informative management of pharmaceutical preparations, confirm the types of preparations used by patients, record the flow of patients and save batch numbers, etc., to avoid negligence of medications, and safe use of medications by patients.

6. Medical device and drug traceability. Accurately record items and patient identities, including basic information on product use, specific product information related to adverse events, areas where the same quality problem product may occur, patients involved in the problem product, and location of problem product that has not been used, Trace back to bad products and related patients, control all unused medical devices and drugs, and provide strong support for accident handling. In 2007, China first experimented with the establishment of a traceability system for the direct association of implantable medical devices with patients. The system uses GSI standards to identify medical devices and is widely used in hospitals in Shanghai.

7. Information sharing and interconnection. Through the sharing and interconnection of medical information and records, integrate and form a well-developed comprehensive medical network. On the one hand, authorized doctors can review the patient's medical history, patient history, treatment measures, and insurance details. Patients can also choose or change doctors and hospitals on their own; on the other hand, they support township and community hospitals to seamlessly connect with central hospitals in information, and can obtain expert advice, arrange referrals and receive training in real time.

8. Anti-theft system for newborns. Combining maternal and infant identification management, baby anti-theft management, and channel authority in the gynecology and obstetrics and gynecology hospitals of large general hospitals to prevent outsiders from entering and leaving at will, and adopting a practical and reliable protection against mistaking for babies.

9. Alarm system. Through real-time monitoring and tracking of hospital medical equipment and patients, help patients send emergency distress signals, prevent patients from running away privately, prevent damage or theft of valuable devices, and protect temperature-sensitive drugs and laboratory samples.

(3) Telemedicine monitoring

Remote medical monitoring mainly uses the Internet of Things technology to build a patient-centric remote consultation and continuous monitoring service system based on critically ill patients. The original intention of remote medical monitoring technology is to reduce the number of patients entering hospitals and clinics. According to a 2005 report by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), about 50% of Americans suffer from at least one chronic disease, and their treatment costs account for more than three-quarters of the US $ 2 trillion in medical expenditure. In addition to the high cost of high-tech treatment and surgery, doctors ’routine examinations, laboratory tests, and other monitoring services cost about billions of dollars. With the advancement of telemedicine technology, high-precision and sophisticated sensors have been able to achieve effective mutual trust within the body-area of ​​patients, and the focus of telemedicine monitoring has gradually shifted from improving lifestyles to providing timely life-saving information. 3. Current medical technology a. Related technologies mainly include: ultra-low power DSP designed for biomedical signal analysis, low sampling rate / high resolution ADC, low power consumption / ultra-wideband radio frequency, and MEMS energy harvester.

1. Transmit the relevant health information of rural and community residents to the rear through wireless and video, establish personal medical files, improve the quality of primary medical services; allow doctors to conduct virtual consultations, provide intellectual support for large hospitals and large experts for basic hospitals, will The extension of high-quality medical resources to primary-level medical institutions; the construction of a remote continuing education service system for clinical cases, etc., to improve the quality of continuing education for medical personnel in primary-level hospitals.

2. Mobile healthcare. By monitoring some vital signs such as body temperature, heartbeat, etc., a physical condition including the person ’s weight, cholesterol content, fat content, protein content and other information is established for each customer, real-time analysis of human health status, and feedback of physiological index data to the community, Caregivers or related medical units can promptly provide customers with advice on diet adjustment and medical care, and can also provide scientific data for hospitals and research institutes.

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What Is Single Sided PCB

Basically, there is no challenge for PCB manufacturer to produce single sided PCB and the technology is quite mature nowadays. The main focus for PCB manufacturer is how to control production cost and save more cost for customers.

Types of Single Layer PCB

• Single Layer Rigid PCB

It is the type of a single layer PCB which is made up a rigid material such as fiber glass. These PCBs are inflexible and prevent the circuit from bending and breaking. Currently these are used in different types of devices such as in calculators and power supplies etc.

• Single Layer Flexible PCB

It is the type of a single layer PCB which is mode out a flexible material instead of a rigid material and for this purpose plastic materials are used. It has so many advantages over single layer rigid pub but it fabrication cost is so much high.

• Single Layer Rigid Flex PCB

 It is the type of a single layer PCBs which is used for high frequency circuits normally in giga hertz. These PCBs are made out a Teflon or polyphenylene oxide (PPO) material. During choosing high frequency single layer PCB many aspects are keep in mind such as dielectric loss, thermal expansion and water absorption etc.

• Single Layer High Frequency PCB

It the type of single layer PCBs which is made out by the combination of plastic and fiber glass. Both materials are combined together into single layer. It has so many advantages over single layer rigid and flexible PCB such as it reduces the weight and size of overall PCB.

• Single Layer Aluminum PCB

What Goes Into Determining single sided PCB Costs and price

Advantages of Single Sided PCB

• Simple and easy to design and install
• Lower cost, especially for high volume orders
• Easy drilling, soldering, de-soldering and components inserting process
• Lower probability of manufacturing issues,such as short circuiting and producing noise
• Components are installed at only one side, require lower jumper to compensate the circuit
• Popular, common, and easily understood by most PCB manufacturers
• Less time for fault tracing and repairing

Single Layer PCB Disadvantages

• Simplistic Design: The simplicity of single-layer boards' is one of their biggest benefits, but it's also a substantial limitation. For more complex devices that require a higher number of components and connections, a single layer does not provide enough space or power. If wires cross each other, the device won't function properly, so it's critical that the board has enough space to accommodate everything. More complex designs just can't fit on single-sided PCBs.

• Slower Speed and Lower Operating Capacity: The limited number of connections on these boards also affects their power and speed. These less-dense designs are not as robust as those with more circuits and have a lower operating capacity. They might not have enough power for some applications.

• Larger Size and Higher Weight: To add capabilities to a single-sided board, you need to expand its dimensions rather than add another layer, as you could with you a multi-layer PCB. You could use multiple separate boards, but one multi-layer board could likely handle the same requirements. Increasing the size or number of boards in a device also increases your final product's weight.

How to make single sided PCB

Single sided PCB manufacturing Process flow chart

Single layer PCB Raw Material 

• Fr4 Grade Fiberglass Laminates
• Aluminum
• Copper base
• Cem 1
• Cem 3

Construction of Single Sided PCB

Single Sided PCB Applications

• Vending machines
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• Calculators
• Printers
• Solid state drives
• Coffee makers
• LED lighting
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• Power supplies
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• Timing circuits

What Is Double Sided PCB

Differences Between Single sided PCB and Double sided PCB

single sided vs double sided PCB

Choose Single Sided PCB or Double Sided PCB?

• If you are hobbyist or students, and concerned to make PCB at home, you must know, developing single sided PCBs at home are much easier than developing double sided PCBs at home.

• As you are a manufacturer and very much interested to keep your cost down and producing a single sided PCB a most economical process. In terms of cost, producing single sided PCBs are more economical than producing double sided PCBs.

• Almost all HVAC systems make use of single sided PCBs, because they are more reliable and cost effective and don`t compromise the overall quality of the product.

• Using through hole technology in single sided PCBs still have its drawbacks and limitations because conductive layers, lines and pads stay on single side of PCB but it still is a cheap process to combine all components at one place. Multilayer PCB is also used in many applications where single sided and double sided PCBs fail to fulfill the requirements.

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