I believe that if you have drawn a lot of circuits, if you have contacted a lot of chips, there should be some chips that you think are the most important in history and can affect the whole world. There may be: 80C51, 430, 8086, STM32, TMS320CXX, 555, 74LS74. To commemorate these great chips and tell the people and stories behind them, IEEE Spectrum  I made this "Chip Hall of Fame" . The class is a total of 27 chips in 7 categories that affect the entire computing world. The first of the list comes mostly from IEEE Spectrum's 2009 topic "25 Microchips That Shook The World," written by Brian Santo, which now adds some of the important chips that have emerged since then. Of course, this list is certainly controversial. For example, readers may question why Intel's 8088 microprocessor was selected, not 4004 (the first microprocessor from Intel) or 8080 (the most famous microprocessor in Intel)? To be clarified, this list is the source of trust between the author and the author, and  IEEE Spectrum  The editors of several have come up after weeks of arguments. It doesn't just focus on chips that have achieved great commercial success or significant technological advances. They focus on microchips that have proven to be unique, fascinating, and amazing. Most importantly, this list collects chips that have profoundly affected the lives of many people – they are an important part of many world-changing electronic devices, symbolizing the development of technology. category: Audio Amplifiers (Amplifiers & Audio) Interface (Interfacing) Logic Memory & Storage (Memory & Storage) MEM & Sensors (MEMs & Sensors) Processors Wireless Fairchild Semiconductor μA741 Operational Amplifier (1968) Fairchild Semiconductor μA741 Op-Amp The chip became the de facto standard for analog amplifier ICs. The chip is still in production and can be found everywhere in electronics. Manufacturer: Fairchild Semiconductor Category: Amplifier & Audio Year: 1968 An op amp is like a sliced ​​bread in the analog design world. You can use them to clip anything and get satisfactory results. Designers use them to make audio or video preamps, voltage comparators, precision rectifiers, and many other important subsystems in everyday electronic systems. In 1963, 26-year-old engineer Robert Widlar designed the first monolithic integrated operational amplifier circuit, the μA702, at Fairchild Semiconductor. It was priced at $300 at the time. Widlar then improved the design, designed the μA709, and achieved great commercial success. It is said that Widlar therefore asked for a raise, but was not satisfied, so he left Fairchild Semiconductor. National Semiconductor Corporation (now part of Texas Instruments) was able to quickly dig Widlar if it was a treasure. Widlar later helped National Semiconductor establish an analog IC design department. In 1967, Widlar developed a better operational amplifier for National Semiconductor, the LM101, and one version (LM101A-N) is still in production. Although Fairchild’s leaders were overwhelmed by the sudden competition of Widlar, in the Fairchild’s R&D lab, the newly added David Fullagar examined the LM101 carefully and found that the design of the chip was very clever, but still There are some drawbacks. One of the biggest drawbacks is that some chips are too sensitive to noise at the input stage of the IC, the so-called front stage, due to changes in semiconductor quality. Fullagar then started his own design. The solution to the front-end problem is very simple, and Fullagar adds a pair of extra transistors to the chip. Additional circuitry makes the amplification smoother. Fullagar handed his design to the boss of Fairchild's R&D department, a man named Gordon Moore. Moore handed his design to the company's business department. This new chip was named μA741 and later became the standard for operational amplifiers. The IC, and the various pirated models created by Fairchild's competitors, have sold millions. At the time, the price of the first version of the μA702 was $300, and now about $300 can buy about 2,000 μA741 chips. Intersil ICL8038 Waveform Generator Intersil's ICL8038 waveform generator brings complex sound to consumer electronics Manufacturer: Intersil (Interdor) Category: Amplifiers & Audio Year: About 1983 A good basic waveform - the voltage that changes over time - is the raw material for building more complex behaviors. Intersil's ICL8038 integrated circuit is designed to easily obtain accurate waveforms that produce periodic signals such as sine, square and sawtooth, with very few external components. Initially, the ICL8038 was ridiculed for its limited performance and had a tendency to behave erratically. Indeed, this chip is a bit unreliable. But the symbiosis quickly learned how to use it reliably, and then the 8038 achieved great success, eventually selling millions and being used in countless applications – including “phreakersâ€. "blue boxes" used in the 1980s. Intersil discontinued the 8083 in 2002, but enthusiasts are still collecting ICL8038 for home-made function generators and modular analog synthesizers. Micro-Open Semiconductor MAS3507 MP3 Decoder (1997) Micronas Semiconductor MAS3507 MP3 Decoder This chip opens the digital music revolution Manufacturer: Micronas Semiconductor Category: Amplifiers & Audio Year: 1997 Before the iPod appeared, it was the Diamond Rio PMP300. Launched in 1998, the PMP300 fired almost immediately, but the enthusiasm quickly diminished. However, one thing that matters with this player is that it supports the MAS3507 MP3 decoder chip, a RISC-based digital signal processor with an instruction set optimized for audio compression and decompression. Its developer is Micronas (now TDK-Micronas), which allows Rio to compress more than a dozen songs into its flash memory. It may be ridiculous for today's standards, but at the time it was already competitive enough compared to portable CD players. Rio and its follow-up products paved the way for the iPod, and now you can put thousands of songs in your pocket. Micronas As the Micronas design file shows, the MAS3507 is designed to do just one thing, that is, it can only decode MPEG Audio Layer III (MP3) data very well. Texas Instruments TMC0281 Speech Synthesizer This is the world's first speech synthesis chip. Manufacturer: Texas Instruments Category: Amplifiers & Audio Year: 1978 Without TMC0281, ET may never have the ability to "call home." Because TMC0281 is the world's first single-chip speech synthesizer, is the "heart" (or should be said "mouth") of Texas Instruments' Speak&Spell learning toy? In Steven Spielberg's 1982 "ET Alien" movie, alien ET hacked into the toy and set up an interstellar communication device. (In the movie, ET also used a hanger, a coffee pot and a circular saw.) Today, we are becoming more and more accustomed to talking with consumer electronics; TMC0281 is the first step in the ubiquitous world of synthetic speech. Alien ET holding a Speak&Spell toy TMC0281 was released in 1978, using a technique called linear predictive coding (LPC) to produce speech, which produces a combination of hum, hum and pop. This is a surprising solution to the "generating speech" thing that is considered "impossible in an integrated circuit." The variant model of the TMC0281 is used in Atari's arcade games and Chrysler's K-cars. In 2001, Texas Instruments sold its speech synthesis chip line to Sensory, which discontinued the chip at the end of 2007. However, you can buy a very good Speak&Spell toy for about $50 on eBay. Tripath Technology TA2020 Audio Amplifier This is a solid-state, high-power amplifier that brings a lot of volume to cheaper devices. Manufacturer: Tripath Technology Category: Amplifiers and Audio Year: 1998 Some audiophiles insist that vacuum tube amplifiers produce the best sound, and that's always the case. Therefore, when there is some sound in the audio world, it is said that a sound that is completely dependent on the semiconductor amplifier is as round and vibrant as a vacuum tube amplifier, causing great repercussions. This amplifier is a Class D amplifier designed by Tripath Technology, a Silicon Valley company. Class D amplifiers work by not directly amplifying the incoming analog audio signal, but instead converting the analog audio to a digital pulse train that can be used to turn the power transistor on or off. The resulting signal is converted to an analog signal with a higher amplitude. Tripath's trick is to use a 50 megahertz sampling system to drive the amplifier. The company says the TA2020 performs better and costs far less than any similar solid-state amplifier. In order to display the chip at the trade show, they deliberately played the famous theme song of the movie "Titanic". Like most Class D amplifiers, the TA2020 is very energy efficient; it does not require a heat sink and can be used in a compact package. Tripath's low-end, 15-watt model of the TA2020 is priced at $3 for built-in speakers and microphones. Sony, Sharp, Toshiba and other home theaters, high-end audio systems and televisions use other models - the most powerful with 1000W output. Later, other large semiconductor companies caught up and created similar chips, and Tripath was gradually forgotten. Companies such as Sure Electronics and Audiophonics now offer audio amplifier kits and products based on the TA2020 and its sister chips. Amati Communications' Overture ADSL Chipset (1994) Amati Communications Overture ADSL Chip Set This communication chip opens the era of broadband Internet access Manufacturer: Amati Communications Category: Interfacing Year: 1994 Remember when ADL (Digital Subscriber Line) appeared, did you throw a poor 56.6k per second modem into the trash can? Well, a few years later, with the advent of a dedicated fiber-based broadband network, you threw the ADL modem into the trash. But for many consumers, DSL is the first attempt at high-speed Internet, especially as a distribution system for music and movies. This is a great transition technology: DSL can transform existing regular audio phone lines into high-speed digital connections as long as the user is not far from the switch. The center of this broadband revolution is Amati Communications, a startup from Stanford University. In the 1990s, the company proposed a DSL modulation method called discrete multitone (DMT). The method basically makes a telephone line look like hundreds of subchannels and uses a reverse Robinson strategy to improve the transmission. John M. Cioffi, co-founder of Amati and now a professor of engineering at Stanford University, said: "The bit was taken from the poorest channel and then given the richest channel." DMT defeated its competitors. Including giants such as AT&T, becoming the global standard for DSL. In the mid-1990s, Amati's DSL chipset (a simulation, two numbers) sold a small amount, but by 2000, annual sales had reached millions. At the beginning of the 21st century, the annual sales volume exceeded 100 million. Texas Instruments acquired Amati in 1997. Western Digital WD1402A UART Manufacturer: Western Digital Category: Interfacing Year: 1971 Gordon Bell is known for launching the PDP series of small computers at the DEC in the 1960s. This ushered in the era of networking and interactive computers, which flourished with the advent of personal computers in the 1970s. Although small computers have now entered history textbooks, Bell has also invented some relatively less well-known but not unimportant technologies, and these technologies are still being used around the world: Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter ), referred to as UART. The UART is used to allow two digital devices to transmit one bit at a time through the serial interface without interfering with the device's main processor and details. Today, we can use more complex serial settings, such as the ubiquitous USB standard. But for a long time, the UART was a dominant way in applications such as connecting a modem to a PC. Even now, a simple UART still has its place, especially as the ultimate way to connect with many modern network devices. The invention of the UART was due to Bell's own need to connect a teletype printer to a PDP-1, which required the conversion of parallel signals into serial signals. Bell then designed a circuit that uses about 50 separate components. This idea proved to be welcome. At the time, Western Digital was a small company that made computer chips, and it designed a single-chip version of the UART. Al Phillips, founder of Western Digital, still remembers the company's engineering vice president who showed him the scenes of Rubylith's design drawings. He said: "I looked at it for a while and found a broken circuit. The vice president is going crazy." Western Digital released the WD1402A around 1971, and other versions were released later. IBM Deep Blue 2 Chess Chip Dark blue logic chip empowers AI for the first major victory of mankind Manufacturer: IBM Category: Logic Year: 1997 In 1997, when IBM's chess computer "Deep Blue" defeated world champion Garry Kasparov, humans finally lost in front of the computer. Each chip in dark blue contains 1.5 million transistors, which are integrated into specialized blocks, such as a logical array of move-generators, as well as some RAM and ROM. These chips work together at a speed of 200 million moves per second. The dark blue planner Feng-hsiung Hsu, now the Advanced Research Institute of Microsoft Research Asia, recalls that these moves "apply a lot of psychological pressure on the opponent." Since the victory of Deep Blue, artificial intelligence has beaten humans in more and more games that were originally dominated by human intelligence. For example, Google's AlphaGo defeated the world champions Li Shizhen and Ke Jie in 2016 and 2017 respectively. Signetics NE555 Manufacturer: Signetics Category: Logic Year: 1971 It was in the summer of 1970. Chip designer Hans Camenzind was a consultant to Silicon Valley semiconductor company Signetics. At that time, the economy fell, he earned less than $15,000 a year, and his family had a wife and four children. He really needs to invent something that is good to sell. He really did it. Moreover, his invention can be said to be one of the greatest chips in history. The 555 Timer is an easy-to-use integrated circuit chip that is commonly used in timers and oscillator circuits. Due to its ease of use, low price and good reliability, this chip is still widely used in the design of thousands of electronic circuits such as kitchen appliances, toys and spacecraft. “It’s almost impossible to come out.†Camenzind recalled a few years ago when he was interviewed by IEEE Spectrum. Camenzind died in 2012. When sprouting the 555 idea, Camenzind is designing a circuit called a phase-locked loop. As long as you make some changes, this circuit can become a simple timer: it can run for a specific period of time after it is triggered. It sounds simple, there was no such thing at the time. Initially, the engineering department of Signetics opposed the idea. At the time, the company already had components that could be assembled into timers for sale. The fate of 555 almost ended like this. But Camenzind insisted on his idea. He went to Art Fury, the marketing manager of Signetics. Fortunately, Fury likes this idea. Camenzind spent nearly a year testing prototypes of analog boards, drawing circuit components on paper and cutting red film overlays. Camenzind recalls: "It's all done by hand, no computer." The final design has 23 transistors, 16 resistors and 2 diodes. The 555 timer was introduced to the market in 1971, causing a sensation. In 1975, Signetics was acquired by Philips Semiconductors (now NXP Semiconductors), which, according to the company, has sold billions of 555s. Today's engineers still use 555 to design some useful electronic modules, or some little things that are of little use, such as the "head ranger" headlights. Xilinx XC2064 FPGA Manufacturer: Xilinx Category: Logic Year: 1985 As early as the early 1980s, chip designers have been trying to make full use of the efficacy of every transistor in the circuit. Later, Ross Freeman came up with a rather radical idea. He designed a chip with many transistors that make up a loose block of logic that can be reconfigured via software. As a result, sometimes some transistors are not used, but Freeman believes that Moore's Law will eventually make transistor costs low, and no one cares about transistor waste. He is right. He named the chip "Field Programmable Gate Array" (FPGA) and, in order to promote the chip, founded Xilinx as co-founder. In 1985, when Xilinx's first product, the XC2064, was introduced, employees were given the task of manually drawing an example circuit using the XC2064 logic unit, just as their customers did. Bill Carter, former CTO of Xilinx, recalled that when he approached CEO Bernie Vonderschmitt, he saw that he "had encountered some difficulties in drawing." Carter is very happy to help the boss. He said: "We are standing there, using paper and colored pencils to help Bernie draw!" Today, FPGAs produced and sold by Xilinx and other companies are used in a variety of things, and it is difficult to enumerate them here. FPGA applications are found in, for example, software-defined radios, neural networks, data center routers, and the like. Mostek MK4096 4-Kilobit DRAM Manufacturer: Mostek Category: Memory & Storage Year: 1973 The computer uses random access memory (RAM) as its workspace when running programs. Today's RAM chips have two characteristics: static RAM and dynamic RAM, or SRAM and DRAM for short. As long as the computer is turned on, the SRAM keeps the content unchanged, but the DRAM must be constantly updated. The advantage of DRAM over SRAM is that each memory cell is simple, which means more data can be packed into a given space. Most computers today use DRAM as the main memory. The first DRAM chip was introduced by Intel. But Mostek's 4KB DRAM chip brings a key innovation, a circuit technology called address multiplexing, invented by Mostek co-founder Bob Proebsting. Typically, chips use the same pins to access the rows and columns of memory. This is done by sending row and column addressing signals in sequence. Therefore, the chip does not require too many pins, and the manufacturing cost is reduced due to an increase in memory density. It only has a bit of compatibility issues. Mostek's 4096 uses 16 pins, while Texas Instruments, Intel and Motorola have 22 pins. Mostek will put the future on this chip. Executives began to advertise to customers, partners, the news media and even their own employees. Fred K Beckhusen, who was just hired at the time, was scheduled to test 4096. Beckhusen recalls that one day Proebsting and CEO LJ Sevin came to his night shift at 2 pm for a seminar. Beckhusen said: "They boldly predicted that in just six months, no one would care about 22-pin DRAM." They are right. 4096 and its successors have become mainstream DRAM, and address multiplexing has become the standard way to handle larger memory. Toshiba NAND Flash Memory Manufacturer: Toshiba Category: Memory & Storage Year: 1989 When Toshiba's factory manager, Fujio Masuoka, decided to redevelop semiconductor memory, the legend of flash memory was kicked off. But we will talk about flash memory later. First, let us know a little history. Before flash appeared, the only way to store large amounts of data was to use tape, floppy or hard drives. Many companies are struggling to design solid-state alternatives, but options available at the time, such as EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory, which requires ultraviolet light to erase data) and EEPROM (extra E represents "electricity", Large amounts of data cannot be stored at low cost without the need for UV erasure. After entering Toshiba, Sakaoka hired four engineers to work together on a semi-secret project in 1980 to develop a memory chip that can store large amounts of data at a low cost. Their strategy is simple. "We know that as long as the size of the transistor shrinks, the cost of the chip will continue to drop." Sakaoka said that he is now the chief technology officer of Unisantis Electronics. The team at Sakaoka designed a variant of EEPROM, which is characterized by a memory cell containing only a single transistor. At the time, the traditional EEPROM required two transistors per memory cell. This is a seemingly minor change, but it greatly reduces the cost of the chip. In order to find an attractive name, they are named "flash" according to the chip's ultra-fast erase function. You might think that Toshiba will soon put the invention into production and watch it bring in wealth. wrong. You don't know enough about how this huge company uses its internal innovations. The actual situation is that the owner of Suigang said to him, well, forget about this invention. Of course, how can Sugaoka forget his invention. In 1984, Sakaoka presented his flash memory design drawings at the IEEE International Electronic Equipment Conference in San Francisco. This prompted Intel to begin developing flash memory based on the "NOR" logic gate type. In 1988, Intel released a 256KB chip for use in automobiles, computers, and other mass-market devices, bringing Intel a decent new record. In the end, this prompted Toshiba to put the invention of 舛冈 into production.舛 çš„'s flash memory chip is based on NAND technology and can provide higher storage density, but it has proven to be more complicated in manufacturing process. In 1989, Toshiba's first NADA flash memory was finally put on the market and achieved success. And as Wugang predicted, prices are falling. In the late 1990s, digital photography began to use flash memory, which led to the explosion of flash memory. Toshiba became one of the biggest players in the multi-billion dollar market. At the same time, however, the relationship between Sakaoka and other Toshiba executives deteriorated and eventually left Toshiba. (Later, he filed a lawsuit against Toshiba for intellectual property disputes and received compensation of 87 million yen.) Today, NAND flash has become a key part of small devices such as cell phones, cameras, music players, and even space probes, and has begun to replace hard drives as the storage medium of choice for notebooks and desktops. Kodak KAF-1300 Image Sensor Manufacturer: Kodak Category: MEMs and Sensors Year: 1986 Today's image sensors are very small and inexpensive, and almost no phones have built-in cameras. This may be hard to imagine when Kodak released the Kodak DCS 100 digital camera in 1991. The cost of the DCS 100 is as high as $25,000, and the external data storage is 5 kilograms, and the user has to carry it with him. The camera's electronics are housed in the Nikon F3's body and contain an impressive piece of hardware: a thumb-sized chip that captures images at 1.3 megapixel resolution, enough to rinse in 5 x 7 inches . The chip's chief designer, Eric Stevens, said: "At the time, 1 million pixels were already fantastic." This chip is a true two-phase charge-coupled device, the basis of the future CCD sensor, and revolutionized digital photography. . By the way, what is the first photo taken with KAF-1300? “Hey,†Stevens said. “We point the sensor at the wall of the lab.†Texas Instruments Digital Micromirror Device Manufacturer: Texas Instruments Category: MEMS and Sensors Year: 1987 On June 18, 1999, Larry Hornbeck dated his wife, Laura. They watched the movie "Star Wars I: The Phantom Crisis" at a movie theater in Burbank, California. Hornbeck is not a fan of the Jedi. They went there because the cinema had a real projector. At the heart of this projector is the digital micromirror device (DMD) chip developed by Hornbeck at Texas Instruments. DMD uses tens of thousands of hinged micromirrors to direct light through the projection lens of the projector. A line of words is displayed on the movie screen: "The first digital film show." Nowadays, film projectors use this digital yellow processing technology (or DLP), and rear projection TVs, projectors, mobile phone pico projectors, etc. also use DLP chips. In recognition of his invention, Hornbeck was awarded the Academy Award in 2015. Acorn Computers ARM1 Processor Manufacturer: Acorn Computers Category: Processors Year: 1985 Are you reading this article on your smartphone? Then you are now using the direct descendants of this processor. In the early 1980s, Acorn Computers was a small company with great products. Headquartered in Cambridge, England, the company has sold more than 1.5 million 8-bit BBC Micro desktop computers through the BBC's National Computer Literacy Project. It is time for it to design a new computer. Aikang engineers were dissatisfied with the processors available on the market and decided to design their own 32-bit microprocessors. They named the microprocessor Acorn RISC Machine, or ARM for short. RISC is short for "reduced-instruction-set computer", a method of designing processors that can handle complex machine code more efficiently. Engineers know that this is not easy to achieve. In fact, they expect half of the probability to encounter unsolvable obstacles, which eventually leads to the abolition of the entire project. Steve Furber, a professor of computer engineering at the University of Manchester, said, “There are too few people in this team, and every design decision has to choose a simplified solution, otherwise we will never be able to complete it.†In the end, simplicity is a great success. ARM is small, low power, and easy to program. Sophie Wilson of the design instruction set still remembers when they first tested the chip, "We made the 'PRINT PI' command at the prompt, which gave the correct answer," she said. "We opened a bottle of champagne to celebrate." In 1990, Acorn stripped off its ARM division, and the ARM architecture continued to be the mainstream 32-bit processor for embedded applications. More than 10 billion ARM cores have been used in a variety of small devices, including Apple's most successful iPhone and the most failed Newton handheld. In fact, ARM chips are now available in over 95% of smartphones worldwide. ATmega8 Manufacturer: Atmel Category: Processors Year: 2002 Atmel's ATmega8 is one of the fruits of the modern chip maker movement. It is the heart of the first generation of Arduino development boards and is widely adopted by various types of electronic products. These inexpensive, powerful and easy-to-use boards have entered countless projects. The ATmega8 comes from the AVR microcontroller family and was originally developed in the early 1990s by two students from Norwegian Polytechnic University, Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan. Unlike conventional processors, AVR microcontrollers have their own onboard program memory and RAM instead of relying on external chips to store these resources: Bogen and Wollan are still very common during college, but at the time they Not satisfied with the microcontroller on the market. They decided to design a RISC-based processor (with limited machine code instructions to increase processing efficiency), especially to be designed to be easy to program and relatively powerful. AVR microcontrollers are significantly different from the computers that most people use every day. Ordinary computers typically use the von Neumann architecture, where programs are loaded into RAM and executed on RAM. AVR uses the "Harvard Architecture" where program memory and working RAM are separate. In prototypes designed by Bogen and Wollan, the program is stored in ROM and cannot be reprogrammed once written. However, they found a solution in Atmel's AVR design. Flash memory that is easy to program (and reprogrammable) was added to the processor core, and the first commercial AVR chip AT90S8515 was released in 1996. However, ATmega8 and its sister chip ATmega328P are the chips of Bogen and Wollan's dreams. They are easy to use, high performance, and have good development tools to achieve the best performance. Sh-Boom Processor You may never have heard of this chip, but the high-speed architecture of this processor reappears in every modern computer. Manufacturer: Computer Cowboys Category: Processors Year: 1988 Two chip designers approached a bar. They are Russell H. Fish III and Chuck H. Moore (the inventor of the Forth language), and the bar is called Sh-Boom. This is a real thing, not the beginning of a joke. In fact, this technical legend is full of discord and lawsuits. It all began in 1988, when Fish and Moore created a weird processor called Sh-Boom. This chip is very streamlined and runs faster than the clock that drives the rest of the computer. So the two designers found a way to let the processor run its own ultra-fast internal clock while keeping up with the rest of the computer. Sh-Boom has never been commercially successful, and after obtaining the patent, Moore and Fish are scattered. Intel 8088 Microprocessor Manufacturer: Intel (Intel) Category: Processor Year: 1979 Is there any chip that is driving Intel into the Fortune 500? Intel said: 8088. This is IBM's 16-bit CPU for its original PC family, which later dominated the desktop market. Quite a bit strange, this chip, called the x86 architecture, doesn't have the word "86" on its name. The 8088 is actually a slightly modified microprocessor based on the 8086. The 8086 is Intel's first 16-bit CPU. As Intel engineer and 8086 designer Stephen Morse once said, the 8088 is a "simplified version of the 8086." This is because the main innovation of the 8088 is not technically an improvement: the 8088 has 16-bit internal registers and an 8-bit external data bus. Until the design of the 8086 was completed, Intel kept the 8088 project confidential. Peter Stoll, chief engineer of the 8086 project, said: "Management does not want the 8086 to delay even one day, or even tell us that they already have the idea of ​​a variant of 8088." After the first practical 8086 came out, Intel sent the 8086 artwork and documentation to the design department in Haifa, Israel. Two engineers, Rafi Retter and Dany Star, changed the chip to an 8-bit bus. This change proved to be one of Intel's most wise decisions. The 2,000-transistor 8088 CPU requires less, less expensive support chips than the 8086, and is "fully compatible with 8-bit hardware, while also providing faster processing and smoothing for transition to 16-bit processors", Intel's Robert Noyce and Ted Hoff wrote in an article in the IEEE micro magazine. The first PC using the 8088 was the IBM Model 5150, a monochrome machine that cost $3,000. Now almost all PCs in the world have CPUs that say their ancestors are 8088. Microchip Technology PIC 16C84 Microcontroller Manufacturer: Microchip Technology Category: Processor Year: 1993 In the early 1990s, 8-bit microcontrollers were still the world of Motorola. Subsequently, Microchip Technology emerged, an unobtrusive competitor. Microchip developed the PIC 16C84, which uses an 8-bit microcontroller and adds a memory called EEPROM for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. The EEPROM does not require UV light erasure, as does its predecessor EPROM. Such read-only memory is typically used to store program code or a small amount of data. The chip's chief designer, now Microchip's director Rod Drake, said eliminating the need for UV lights means "users can change code on the fly". Even better, the cost of the entire chip is less than $5, or a quarter of the cost of other products at the time. The 16C84 is used for smart cards, remote controls and wireless car keys. This is the beginning of a series of microcontrollers, and Microchip has become an electronic superstar that has been passed down by Fortune 500 companies and fans. 16C84å·²ç»é€€ä¼‘，PIC系列ä»åœ¨ç”Ÿäº§ä¸ï¼Œé”€é‡å·²è¾¾æ•°åäº¿ï¼Œç”¨äºŽå·¥ä¸šæŽ§åˆ¶å™¨ï¼Œæ— äººé©¾é©¶é£žè¡Œå™¨ï¼Œæ•°å—å¦Šå¨ æµ‹è¯•ï¼ŒèŠ¯ç‰‡æŽ§åˆ¶çƒŸèŠ±ï¼ŒLEDç å®å’Œç§°ä¸ºTurdè¦æŠ¥çš„åŒ–ç²ªæ± ç›‘è§†å™¨ã€‚ Microchip专利的è‰æ¡ˆæ˜¾ç¤ºäº†PIC控制器与其他计算机的ä¸åŒä¹‹å¤„。 在大多数计算机ä¸ï¼Œä¾‹å¦‚您的PC，程åºå’Œå·¥ä½œæ•°æ®éƒ½å˜å‚¨åœ¨åŒä¸€ä¸ªå†…å˜ä¸- 一ç§è¢«ç§°ä¸ºâ€œå†¯Â·è¯ºä¾æ›¼æž¶æž„â€çš„布局。但PIC控制器将程åºå’Œå·¥ä½œæ•°æ®å˜å‚¨å™¨åˆ†å¼€ä¿å˜- è¿™ç§å®‰æŽ’è¢«ç§°ä¸ºâ€œå“ˆä½›æž¶æž„â€œã€‚è¿™æ ·å¯ä»¥å°†ç¨‹åºå˜å‚¨åœ¨ä¾¿å®œçš„åªè¯»å˜å‚¨å™¨ä¸ã€‚ MOS Technology 6502 Microprocessor æ¥è‡ªè‹±é›„时代的8ä½CPU，这款处ç†å™¨é©±åŠ¨ç€Apple II，Commodore 64，BBC Microç‰ã€‚ åˆ¶é€ å•†ï¼š MOS Technology 类别： 处ç†å™¨ 年代： 1975 当一个胖脸æžå®¢å°†ä¸€ä¸ªç‰¹åˆ«çš„èŠ¯ç‰‡åŠ åˆ°ä¸€ä¸ªç‰¹åˆ«çš„è®¡ç®—æœºç”µè·¯æ¿å¹¶å¯åŠ¨å®ƒæ—¶ï¼Œæ—¶ä»£æ”¹å˜äº†ã€‚这个æžå®¢æ˜¯Steve Wozniak，计算机是苹果，芯片是由MOS Technologyå¼€å‘çš„8ä½å¾®å¤„ç†å™¨6502。该芯片åŠå…¶å˜ä½“æˆä¸ºåƒApple II，Commodore PET，Commodore 64 å’ŒBBC Micro è¿™æ ·çš„å¯æ€•è®¡ç®—机的主è¦å¤§è„‘，更ä¸ç”¨è¯´åƒä»»å¤©å ‚娱ä¹ç³»ç»Ÿå’ŒAtari 2600 è¿™æ ·çš„æ¸¸æˆç³»ç»Ÿï¼ˆä¹Ÿç§°ä¸ºAtari VCS）。 6502ä¸ä»…仅比竞争对手速度更快，而且还比较便宜，售价为25美元，而英特尔的8080和摩托罗拉的6800都接近200美元。 用Peddle åˆ›é€ 6502çš„Bill Mensch说，å–å¾—æˆæœ¬ä¸‹é™çš„çªç ´åœ¨äºŽä¸€ä¸ªæœ€å°åŒ–çš„æŒ‡ä»¤é›†ï¼ŒåŠ ä¸Šåˆ¶ä½œæµç¨‹â€œæ¯”竞争对手高10å€â€ï¼Œ6502å‡ ä¹Žå•æžªåŒ¹é©¬å¸¦åŠ¨äº†å¤„ç†å™¨çš„ä»·æ ¼ä¸‹é™ï¼Œè¿™æŽ¨åŠ¨äº†ä¸ªäººè®¡ç®—机鹅é©å‘½ã€‚该芯片的修订版本ä»åœ¨ç”Ÿäº§ä¸ï¼Œä¸€äº›åˆ¶é€ 商ä»ç„¶åœ¨ä½¿ç”¨å®ƒâ€”—在商业嵌入å¼ç³»ç»Ÿä»¥åŠè®¸å¤šçˆ±å¥½è€…当ä¸ã€‚ ç”±äºŽä»·æ ¼ä½Žå»‰ï¼Œ8ä½6502 在1975å¹´å‘å¸ƒçš„æ—¶å€™ï¼Œå¯¹å¸‚åœºé€ æˆäº†å·¨å¤§éœ‡åŠ¨ã€‚ 照片：Dirk Oppelt Motorola MC68000 Microprocessor 该处ç†å™¨é©±åŠ¨äº†æœ€æ—©çš„苹果Macintosh，以åŠå¯çˆ±çš„Amiga 计算机。 åˆ¶é€ å•†ï¼š Motorola 类别： 处ç†å™¨ 年代： 1979 16ä½çš„微处ç†å™¨çš„派对上，摩托罗拉姗姗æ¥è¿Ÿï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥å®ƒå†³å®šé«˜è°ƒäº®ç›¸ã€‚æ··åˆ16ä½/ 32ä½çš„MC68000å°è£…在68,000个晶体管ä¸ï¼Œæ˜¯è‹±ç‰¹å°”8086的两å€ä»¥ä¸Šã€‚它内部是一个32ä½å¤„ç†å™¨ï¼Œä½†32ä½åœ°å€å’Œ/或数æ®æ€»çº¿æœ¬å¯èƒ½ä½¿å…¶æˆæœ¬å¤§æ¶¨ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥68000使用了24ä½åœ°å€å’Œ16ä½æ•°æ®çº¿ã€‚ 68000ä¼¼ä¹Žæ˜¯ä½¿ç”¨é“…ç¬”å’Œçº¸å¼ è®¾è®¡çš„æœ€åŽä¸€ä¸ªä¸»è¦å¤„ç†å™¨ã€‚设计了68000逻辑的Nick Tredennick说：“我将缩å‡çš„æµç¨‹å›¾å‰¯æœ¬ã€æ‰§è¡Œå•å…ƒçš„资料ã€è§£ç 器和控制逻辑分å‘给了其他项目æˆå‘˜ã€‚â€è¿™äº›å‰¯æœ¬å¾ˆå°ï¼Œéš¾ä»¥é˜…读，他的åŒäº‹ä»¬æœ€ç»ˆæ‰¾åˆ°äº†ä¸€ç§æ–¹å¼æ˜¾ç¤ºæ¸…楚。 “有一天我æ¥åˆ°æˆ‘的办公室，å‘现我桌å上放ç€ä¿¡ç”¨å¡å¤§å°çš„æµç¨‹å›¾å‰¯æœ¬ã€‚â€Tredennick回忆说。 68000 用于所有早期的Macintosh电脑，以åŠAmigaå’ŒAtari ST。大é‡é”€é‡ä¹Ÿæ¥è‡ªæ¿€å…‰æ‰“å°æœºã€è¡—机游æˆå’Œå·¥ä¸šæŽ§åˆ¶å™¨çš„嵌入å¼åº”用。但是，68000也ç»åŽ†äº†åŽ†å²ä¸Šæœ€å¤§çš„错失良机，就如åŒå½“æ—¶Pete最终失去了他作为甲壳虫ä¹é˜Ÿé¼“手的地ä½ã€‚ IBM本想在其PC系列ä¸ä½¿ç”¨68000，但åŽæ¥è¿˜æ˜¯ç”¨äº†è‹±ç‰¹å°”çš„8088ï¼Œå› ä¸ºå½“æ—¶68000还比较少。æ£å¦‚一ä½è§‚察家åŽæ¥æ‰€è¯´ï¼Œå¦‚果当时用了摩托罗拉的68000，Windows-Intelå½¢æˆçš„Wintel å¯èƒ½å°±ä¼šæ˜¯Winola 了。 金盖下é¢æ˜¯ä¸€ä¸ª32ä½å¤„ç†å™¨ï¼Œä½†æ˜¯è¿žæŽ¥å®ƒå’Œå¤–部世界的å°è£…内，åªæœ‰16ä½æ•°æ®å¼•è„šã€‚ 照片：Arnold Reinhold Sun Microsystems SPARC处ç†å™¨ 使用未ç»è¯å®žçš„新架构，该处ç†å™¨å®£å‘Šäº†Sun Microsystems的登场 åˆ¶é€ å•†ï¼š Sun Microsystems 类别： 处ç†å™¨ 年代： 1987 很久以å‰ï¼ˆ20世纪80年代åˆï¼‰ï¼Œå¾®å¤„ç†å™¨æž¶æž„å¸ˆä»¬è¯•å›¾å¢žåŠ CPU指令的å¤æ‚性，作为在æ¯ä¸ªè®¡ç®—周期ä¸å®Œæˆæ›´å¤šä»»åŠ¡çš„一ç§æ–¹å¼ã€‚ ä½†æ˜¯ï¼ŒåŠ å·žå¤§å¦ä¼¯å…‹åˆ©åˆ†æ ¡çš„一个å°ç»„åšå‡ºäº†ç›¸å的呼å：简化指令集。由David Patterson 率领的伯克利团队称之为é™ä½ŽæŒ‡ä»¤é›†è®¡ç®—çš„RISC 方法。 作为一项å¦æœ¯ç ”究，RISC å¬èµ·æ¥å¾ˆæ£’。 但是它是å¦å¯é”€å”®ï¼Ÿ Sun Microsystems（现在是Oracle 的一部分）赌了一把。 1984年，一å°é˜ŸSun å·¥ç¨‹å¸ˆå¼€å§‹ç ”å‘一款称为SPARC（å¯æ‰©å±•å¤„ç†å™¨æž¶æž„）的32ä½RISC处ç†å™¨ï¼Œæƒ³åœ¨Sun的新系列工作站ä¸ä½¿ç”¨è¯¥èŠ¯ç‰‡ã€‚ 有一天，Sun的首å¸æ‰§è¡Œå®˜Scott McNealy出现在SPARCå¼€å‘实验室。 SPARC项目顾问Patterson回忆说，“McNealy表示，SPARC将把Sun从一家æ¯å¹´5亿美元的公å¸å˜ä¸ºæ¯å¹´10亿美元的公å¸ã€‚†如果没有足够的压力，Sun 以外的许多人怀疑公å¸å¯èƒ½ä¼šä¸‹é©¬è¿™ä¸€é¡¹ç›®ã€‚ 更糟糕的是，Sunçš„è¥é”€å›¢é˜Ÿé¢ä¸´ä¸€ä¸ªå¯æ€•çš„实现：SPARC åç€æ‹¼æ˜¯... 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