(Original title: Talk about quantum computers again: What breakthroughs does the Chinese team have; what are the basic principles and what kind Tang Xu An Ni Xiaocha from the Buddhist Temple Quantum Reports | Public QbitAI Continue to talk about quantum computing. Yesterday, the Chinese Academy of Sciences held a press conference to officially announce: "The world's first light-quantum computer that surpasses the early classical computer was born in China." Of course, this is a great point, but you must have the correct posture. A few points Someone who is excited and understands this as "the birth of the world's first quantum computer" is obviously wrong. We also did not correctly understand the achievements of the University of Science and Technology of China, such as Pan Jianwei, Lu Chaoyang, Zhu Xiaobo, and Zheda Wang Haohua. How is the performance of China's quantum computer? Visible through public information: â– There is currently only a single-photon quantum simulator, and it has been demonstrated that the parallelism of quantum computations accelerates the feasibility of solving linear equations. â– This scientific simulator was 10 to 100 times faster than the first human tube computer (born in 1946) and the first transistor computer (born in 1954). In fact, the breakthrough of this matter is reflected in the following three aspects: 1, high efficiency multi-photon boson sampling In the case of Bose sampling, quantum algorithms have an exponential advantage. Pan Jianwei's team created a light-quantum computer that specifically calculates the Bose sampling. When calculating the three-photon, four-photon, and five-photon Bose sampling problems, the calculation speed is faster than that of foreign counterparts and early computers. Related papers: Http:// 2. 10 bit entanglement and parallel logic operations in superconducting circuits For the presently disclosed situation, it is the highest number of bit entanglement in superconducting quantum systems, which is also at the leading level in the world. Related papers: Https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.10302.pdf 3. Solving Linear Equations Using Superconducting Quantum Processors On the four superconducting qubits, the feasibility of solving the linear equations by the parallelism of quantum computation is proved. Related papers: Https://arxiv.org/pdf/1703.06613.pdf Speaking here first, understand the natural understanding, do not understand should still do not understand ... There are professionals to give a simple summary of the qubit: a great result, but still need to look calmly. Basic Principles and Status Quo Yesterday many readers left a message in the background, hoping to explain the quantum computer. Then, the qubit will forcibly discuss the quantum computer. At present, there are many ways to implement quantum computers. The Pan Jianwei team used superconductivity + multiphoton methods. In addition, there are paths such as semiconductor quantum chips and ion traps. In order to manufacture quantum computers, Google and IBM have come up with a superconducting loop. Deeply pursuing the semiconductor industry for decades, Intel wants to use traditional silicon transistors, and a company called ionQ uses ions. The core principle is nothing more than one: Enter the strange and counter-intuitive world of quantum mechanics (including superposition states and entanglement and tunneling) to speed up calculations. Unlike traditional computers that use 0 or 1 bits to store information, quantum computers use qubits to store information. The information stored by the qubit may be 0, may be 1, or may be both 0 and 1. Quantum mechanics believes that microscopic objects can be in a "paradoxical" state, that is, an atom can be in two states at the same time. A qubit can store two kinds of state information, namely 0 and 1; 2 qubits can store information of 4 kinds of states, 3 8 kinds, 4 16 kinds. The performance of quantum computers increases exponentially with the increase of "qubits," while traditional computers grow linearly with "bits." There is always a critical point, the performance of quantum computers will exceed the traditional computer. Although quantum computers look good, there are still many challenges. The biggest problem is that the accuracy of these computers is much lower than that of traditional computers. Some minor disturbances can cause great damage. Not long ago, in IBM's quantum computer competition with ionQ, the two computers developed had only 35% and 77% of the correct rate. This is only the case with five qubits. If there are thousands of qubits, then the quantum computer may not be able to get the correct results. And the five qubit computers are now far behind the laptops in our hands. What is it like? Give a chestnut One thousand and ten thousand, what is the quantum computer? Let's take a real "chestnut": D-Wave. This Canadian company is a controversial star in the quantum computing world. D-Wave has developed the world's first commercial quantum computer. At the beginning of the year, they introduced a fourth-generation product that can handle 2000 qubits: 2000Q, priced at more than 100 million yuan. Equipment environment The shell length of the D-Wave 2000Q system is approximately 3x2x3 (m), and the hardware it contains includes a complex cryogenic refrigeration system, protective cover, and I/O system, only to support a fingernail-sized QPU. . The refrigeration system occupies most of the physical volume of D-Wave 2000Q. The conditions for the occurrence of quantum effects are very strict. Quantum processors (QPUs) need to operate at temperatures near absolute zero (-273.15 °C) - shielded magnetic fields, isolated vibrations, and disturbances from external sources all require absolute zero temperatures. The quantum computer must also be placed in an environment that is 50,000 times weaker than the Earth's magnetic field (essentially no magnetic field) and that the atmospheric pressure is 10 billion times smaller than the Earth (basically equivalent to a vacuum) in order to maintain the stability of the quantum state. These are achieved through a closed loop refrigerator, which achieves a low temperature environment of 0.015K (-273.135°C). D-Wave's "dry" dilution refrigerators use liquid helium refrigerants. The temperature decreases from the top room temperature layer by layer until the QPU part approaches absolute zero. (50K: -223.15°C, 4K: -269.15°C, 1K: -272.15°C, 100mK: -273.05°C, 15mK: -273.135°C, absolute zero: -273.15°C) About QPU D-Wave's QPU consists of lattices containing a number of tethered microrings, each of which is a qubit. At temperatures below 9.2K, helium can become superconductors and reveal quantum mechanical effects. In the quantum state, the current will flow in both directions at the same time, which means that the qubits are in the superposition state, that is, they are in the two states “0†and “1†at the same time. At the very end of the problem-solving process, this kind of quantum superposition state will retrace one of the two states of "0" or "1". The advancement of QPUs that consist of a single qubit to multiple qubits requires the interconnection of qubits for information exchange. The qubits are connected by a coupler, which is also a superconductor ring. The interconnection between the qubit and the coupler, together with the control circuit controlling the magnetic field, creates an integrated structure of programmable quantum elements. When the QPU gets a solution to the problem, all the qubits will settle in their final state, and the values ​​they carry will be fed back to the user in bit strings. The D-Wave 2000Q system can hold up to 2048 qubits and 5600 couplers. To achieve this scale, it used 128,000 Josephson junctions, which also made D-Wave 2000Q's QPU the most sophisticated superconducting integrated circuit ever. D-Wave's system consumes less than 25 kilowatts, most of which is used to cool and control front-end servers. The demand for a water-cooling system is comparable to the amount of water a kitchen faucet can provide, and the level of air-conditioning needed is one-tenth that of a system of the same size. Today's billions of billions of sub-supercomputers consume approximately the same amount of energy as the Hoover Dam. Annealing algorithm Different from the classical calculation method, D-Wave's quantum computer uses quantum annealing algorithm to solve the problem, that is, to use the natural tendency of the quantum system in the real world to find low-power state. If an unequal terrain map is used to represent the optimal solution problem, each coordinate on the topographic map represents a possible solution, and the altitude of each point represents its power consumption. The best solution is in the valley. The deepest point is the lowest point. The calculation process completes the initialization of the quantum processor (QPU) to the ground state of a known problem while allowing the system to anneal to the problem to be solved, which also allows it to maintain a low power state throughout the calculation process. (wide area to find the lowest point) After the calculation is completed, each qubit is presented with a "0" or "1" state, and the final state will be the optimal solution or the approximate optimal solution of the problem to be solved. How to program The D-Wave 2000Q system provides a standard web API (based on RESTful services), and its client library is open to C/C++, Python, and MATLAB languages. The operation interface allows the user to access the system as a cloud resource on the network, and the user can also choose to integrate it into his own high-performance computing environment and data center. In order to program the system, the user has to map the problem to be solved to a model in the "wide area to find the lowest point." Users can submit questions to the system in many different ways. Ultimately, the problem will appear as a set of values ​​that will be equivalent to the qubit weights and coupler strength. The system includes these values ​​and other user-specified parameters and sends a QMI command to the QPU. The solution to the problem will be the optimal configuration found by the qubits, which is the lowest point on the “power consumption topographic mapâ€. These values ​​will be returned to the user program on the network. Quantum computers are probabilistic rather than deterministic. Therefore, it is possible to return multiple sets of values ​​to users. It not only provides the best solution that the system finds, but also provides other alternatives that are excellent alternatives. The user can specify the number of solutions the system sends itself to. The D-Wave system is designed to complement classical computers. There are many examples of quantum computers that can assist with High Performance Computing Systems (HPC). In addition, quantum computers are well-suited for discrete optimization, and HPC performs better in large-scale numerical simulations. Ability and application D-Wave's flagship product is a 2000-qubit D-Wave 2000Q quantum computer, one of the most advanced quantum computers in the world. This computer is based on a new superconducting processor that uses quantum mechanics to accelerate computations on a large scale. D-Wave 2000Q is best suited to solve complex problems in many areas such as: · Optimization · Machine learning · Sampling / Monte Carlo Pattern recognition and anomaly detection · cyber security Image analysis · financial analysis · Software/hardware verification and validation · Bioinformatics/Cancer Research D-Wave’s first customer was Lockheed Martin, a defense industry contractor. This is a U.S. aerospace manufacturer and is known for developing and manufacturing military aircraft. Lockheed Martin purchased D-Wave's quantum computing system. In 2013, Google, NASA (NASA) and USRA (College Space Research Association) jointly created the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and installed D-Wave's quantum computer at NASA's Ames Research Center. Scientists are trying to explore the potential of quantum computing and its application in the processing of complex problems such as web search, speech recognition, planning and scheduling, air traffic control, support and control of robotic tasks on other planets. In 2015, Google got results based on basic tests of hardware optimization. Running the task display on the D-Wave system, "For the calculations involving nearly 1,000 binary variables, it can be seen that the performance of the quantum computer is completely better than that of a traditional computer. It is 108 times faster than a conventional single-core analog computer." In 2016, Los Alamos National Laboratory applied for the ability to use the D-Wave system to study the quantum annealing technology. At present, scientists have made progress in different assemblies. Well, quantum computing is still a very frontier field, and there is no real degree of universal quantum computing. The so-called Quantum Hegemony is nothing more than a hope that quantum computers will someday outperform traditional classical computers. Everything is developing at a rapid pace, and the qubits will forcibly explain this today. FTTH Fiber Optic Splice Tray is designed to provide a place to store the fiber cables and splices and prevent them from becoming damaged or being misplaced. It is also called a splice enclosure or splice organizer. This device does not contain any technical functions, and the design is simple. Also, Fiber Optic Tray has a very low price for people to afford. However, the importance of fiber splice tray for protecting fibers is significant. And the skills needed for using a fiber splice tray is not as simple as you think.
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